Dietary Approach for Post-COVID Treatment of Olfactory Loss
PDF

Keywords

COVID-19, Olfaction, Inflammation, Vitamins, Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Categories

How to Cite

1.
Roy-Chowdhury S, Satishkumar A, Ahmed SH, Mardon A. Dietary Approach for Post-COVID Treatment of Olfactory Loss. Integr J Med Sci [Internet]. 2021 Feb. 15 [cited 2024 Mar. 28];8. Available from: https://mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/439

Abstract

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV-2] has consequently led to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Many patients, whether hospitalized or not, have reported a variety of complications that persist after recovery. The admission for COVID-19 has been associated with anosmia and hyposmia, the inability or decreased ability to smell. Deficiencies in the ability to smell tend to recover within weeks. However, a significant number of cases have been reported in which smell distortions last for several months. Experimental research has identified inflammation as a factor disrupting olfactory neurons. Precisely, local inflammation through cytokine release in sustentacular and horizontal basal cells interferes with the function of olfactory neurons. Further studies have reported that these local inflammatory events are not responsive to common corticoid treatments. Therefore, in order to mediate the recovery of olfaction in COVID-19 patients after viral recovery, this study evaluates vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to develop a prospective dietary approach with anti-inflammatory properties to reduce the local inflammation of sustentacular and horizontal basal cells.

https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.2021.439
PDF

References

Chan KW, Wong VT, Tang, SCW. COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese–Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. Am J Chin Med.2020;48(3):737-762. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378

Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, Ostrander BT, DeConde AS. Self‐reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in Covid‐19. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol.2020 Jul;10(7):821-831. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.22592

Agyeman AA, Lee Chin K, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R. Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clin Proc.2020 Aug;95(8):1621-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030

Reiter ER, Coelho DH, Kons ZA, Costanzo RM. Subjective smell and taste changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Short term recovery. Am J Otolaryngol. Nov-Dec 2020;41(6):102639. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102639

Hopkins C, Surda P, Vaira LA, Lechien J R, Safarian M, Saussez S, et al. Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology. Rhinology. 2021 Feb 1;59(1):26-31. https://doi.org/10.4193/rhin20.544

Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, et al. The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons. 2nd ed. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10799/

Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Berge KVD, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Science Advances. 2020 Jul 31; 6(31). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc5801

Torabi A, Mohammadbagheri E, Akbari Dilmaghani N, Bayat AH, Fathi M, Vakiliet K, al. Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Olfactory Mucosa Result in COVID-19 Induced Anosmia. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2020 ; 11(13) : 1909–1913. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00249

Li X, Lui F. Anosmia. Nih.gov. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019.

Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;148(3):245-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706736

Trotier D, Bensimon JL, Herman P, Tran Ba Huy P, Døving KB, et al. Inflammatory obstruction of the olfactory clefts and olfactory loss in humans: a new syndrome? Chem Senses. 2007 Mar;32(3):285-92. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjl057

Pence TS, Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM. Risk Factors for Hazardous Events in Olfactory-Impaired Patients. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;140(10):951-5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1675

Ehrlichman H, Bastone L. Olfaction and Emotion. Science of Olfaction. New York: Springer; 1992.

Blomqvist EH, Brämerson A, Stjärne P, Nordin S. Consequences of olfactory loss and adopted coping strategies. Rhinology. 2004 Dec;42(4):189-94.

Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life--an updated review. Chem Senses. 2014 Mar;39(3):185-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjt072

Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT. Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology & hepatology. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2015 Aug;11(8):511-20.

Sanchez-Muñoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A. Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 21;14(27):4280-8. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.4280

Weir EK, Thenappan T, Bhargava M, Chen Y. Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? Clinical Medicine. 2020 Jul;20(4):107–108. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0301

Mah E, Matos MD, Kawiecki D, Ballard K, Guo Y, Volek JS, et al. Vitamin C status is related to proinflammatory responses and impaired vascular endothelial function in healthy, college-aged lean and obese men. J Am Diet Assoc.2011 May;111(5):737-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.02.003

Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. Free Radic Biol Med.2011 Sep 1;51(5):1000-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017

Rizzo MR, Abbatecola AM, Barbieri M, Vietri MT, Cioffi M, Grella R, et al. Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of combined administration of vitamin E and C in older persons with impaired fasting glucose: impact on insulin action.J Am Coll Nutr.2008 Aug;27(4):505-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2008.10719732

Chen Y, Luo G, Yuan J, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang X, et al. Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and LPS-Induced Macrophages. Mediators of Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:426740. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/426740

Mrityunjaya M, Pavithra V, Neelam R, Janhavi P, Halami PM, Ravindra PV, et al. Immune-Boosting, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Food Supplements Targeting Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Front Immunol.2020 Oct 7;11:570122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.570122

Ellulu MS, Rahmat A, Ismail P, Khaza’ai H, Abed Y. Effect of vitamin C on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Drug Des Devel Ther.2015 Jul 1;9:3405-12. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S83144

Hashemi Z, Sharifi N, Khani B, Aghadavod E, Asemi, Z. The effects of vitamin E supplementation on endometrial thickness, and gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and inflammatory cytokines among women with implantation failure. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2019 Jan;32(1):95-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1372413

Devaraj S, Leonard S, Traber MG, Jialal I. Gamma-tocopherol supplementation alone and in combination with alpha-tocopherol alters biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Mar 15;44(6):1203-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.018

Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother.2012 Apr;3(2):118-26. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.95506

White JH. Vitamin D Signaling, Infectious Diseases, and Regulation of Innate Immunity. Infect Immun.2008 Sep;76(9):3837-43. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00353-08

Yin K, Agrawal DK. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. Curr Top Med Chem.2016;16(11):1242-61. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150915111557

Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2;12(4):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988

Jeffery LE, Burke F, Mura M, Zheng Y, Qureshi OS, Hewison M, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 Combine to Inhibit T Cell Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Promote Development of Regulatory T Cells Expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3. J Immunol. 2009 Nov 1;183(9):5458-67. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803217

Kruse RA, Cambron JA. A possible correlation between vitamin D deficiency and loss of smell: 2 case reports. .2011 Dec;10(4):310-5DOI:10.1016/j.jcm.2011.06.006

Gammone M, Riccioni G, Parrinello G, D’Orazio, N. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Benefits and Endpoints in Sport. Nutrients.2018 Dec 27;11(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010046

Calder PC. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes. Nutrients.2018 Dec 27;11(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010046

Kang JX, Weylandt KH. Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokines by Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Subcellular Biochemistry. Subcell Biochem.2008;49:133-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8831-5_5

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2021 Roy-Chowdhury S et al.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...