Sustainable Post Covid19 Lockdown Strategy Through Evidence-Based Policy
PDF

Keywords

Covid19
Risk Categories
Healthy People
Health Policy
Public Health

Categories

How to Cite

1.
Boretti A. Sustainable Post Covid19 Lockdown Strategy Through Evidence-Based Policy: Analysis of Covid19 Fatalities Across Europe. Integr J Med Sci [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 3 [cited 2024 Dec. 23];7. Available from: https://mbmj.org/index.php/ijms/article/view/172

Abstract

The Covid19 epidemic is having much larger fatalities in western Europe than everywhere else in the world. However, the greater peak daily fatalities have been 10 to 20 times less than the models’ predictions and similarly occurred after half the time predicted by the models. Similar patterns of the outbreak have been achieved regardless of diversity in the containment measures. Thanks to a strict, generalized, lockdown, the United Kingdom, or Belgium, had after about the same number of days, much larger peak daily fatalities per million than countries adopting more sustainable approaches such as the Netherlands or Sweden. In the Netherlands, social distancing is suggested but not forced through an “intelligent lockdown”.  In Sweden, there is simply no lockdown.  It is now evident that Covid19 is much less contagious and lethal than what was thought, and if care is taken of the risk categories, but basic freedom is not removed restricting every movement of the healthy population damaging democracy and economy, it is possible to achieve better results. With fatalities uniformly declining across Europe, it is therefore advocated to return the sooner the better as before the lockdown period, with full compliance with preventive health instructions and social divergence, and care to protect the highest-risk groups from infection, especially for the elderly and those with chronic and respiratory diseases.

https://doi.org/10.15342/ijms.7.172
PDF

References

Bendavid E, Mulaney B, Sood N, Shah S, Ling E, Bromley-Dulfano R, et al. COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. 2021 Apr; 50(2): 410-419. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab010

Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in the United States — 2018–2019 influenza season. CDC [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/2018-2019.html

Caratteristiche dei pazienti deceduti positivi all’infezione da SARS-CoV-2 in Italia [Internet]. Epicentro. [Accessed 2021 Apr 04]. Available from: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/sars-cov-2-decessi-italia

Oke J, Heneghan C. Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates. OXFORD CEBM Research. 2020. [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: http://gamzuletova.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Global-Covid-19-Case-Fatality-Rates-CEBM.pdf

Simkins JD. French carrier surpasses Theodore Roosevelt with over 1,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19. [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2020/04/20/french-carrier-surpasses-theodore-roosevelt-with-over-1000-confirmed-cases-of-covid-19/

Coronavirus sur le « Charles de Gaulle » : Cinq marins toujours hospitalisés, le porte-avions totalement désinfecté. [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2770163-20200429-coronavirus-bord-charles-gaulle-cinq-marins-toujours-hospitalises-porte-totalement-desinfecte

Prado B. COVID-19 in Brazil:“So what?”. Lancet. 2020 May 9; 395(10235):1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31095-3

Fraser B. ‘Medications should be prescribed by doctors, not the president’: leading Brazilian scientist discusses the pandemic. Nature. 2020 May 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01506-2

Adam D. Special report: The simulations driving the world's response to COVID-19. Nature. 2020 Apr; 580(7803):316. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6

Ferguson N, Laydon D, Nedjati Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, et al. Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. 2020. https://doi.org/10.25561/77482

Kermack WO, McKendrick AG. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci. 1927 Aug 1; 115(772):700-21. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118

Holligan A. Coronavirus: Why Dutch lockdown may be a high-risk strategy. Bbc. 2020; [Internet]. [Accesed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52135814

Loeb A. Theoretical Physics Is Pointless without Experimental Tests. [Internet]. Sci Am. 2018. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/theoretical-physics-is-pointless-without-experimental-tests/

Delaying herd immunity is costing lives. [Internet]. Spiked. 2020. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.spiked-online.com/2020/04/29/delaying-herd-immunity-is-costing-lives/

NCHS Mortality Surveillance Data. CDC [Internet]. 2020 Apr. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/covidview/04172020/nchs-mortality-report.html

NCHS Mortality Surveillance Data. CDC [Internet]. 2020 Apr. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/covidview/04172020/nchs-mortality-report.html

NCHS Mortality Surveillance Data. CDC [Internet]. 2020 Apr. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/covidview/04172020/nchs-mortality-report.html

NCHS Mortality Surveillance Data. CDC [Internet]. 2020 Apr. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/covidview/04172020/nchs-mortality-report.html

NCHS Mortality Surveillance Data. CDC [Internet]. 2020 Apr. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/covidview/04172020/nchs-mortality-report.html

Xu J, Murphy SL, Kockanek KD, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2018. NCHS Data Briefs. 2020 Jan; (355):1-8. [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/60896

Johnson SL. New Estimates show U.S. Population Growth Continues to Slow [Internet]. The United States Census Bureau. 2019 [Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/12/new-estimates-show-us-population-growth-continues-to-slow.html

Mehra MR, Desai SS, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. Lancet. 2020 May 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6

WHO SUSPENDS trials of Trump-chosen hydroxychloroquine drug over SAFETY RISKS for Covid-19 patients. [Internet]. RT News. 2020 [Accessed 2020 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.rt.com/news/489724-who-drops-hydroxychloroquine-risks/

Taccone FS, Gorham J, Vincent JL. Hydroxychloroquine in the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: the need for an evidence base. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Jun; 8(6):539-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30172-7

Owens B. Excitement around hydroxychloroquine for treating COVID-19 causes challenges for rheumatology. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 May; 2(5):e257. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30089-8

Sahraei Z, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Saffaei A. Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Apr; 55(4):105945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945

Multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia [Corporate Author]. [Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020 Mar 12; 43(3):185-188. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.009

On FRANCE 24 and RFI, Senegal’s Macky Sall continues to demand cancellation of Africa’s debt. The Interview [Internet]. [ Accessed 2021 Sep 04]. Available from: https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20200417-on-france-24-and-rfi-senegal-s-macky-sall-continues-to-demand-cancellation-of-africa-s-debt

Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Bioscience trends. 2020 Mar 16; 14(1):72-73. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047

Colson P, Rolain J-M, Lagier J-C, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Apr; 55(4):105932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932

Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May; 55(5):105938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938

Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jul ; 56(1) :105949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949

Nicastri E, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G, D’Offizi G, Marchioni L, Ascoli Bartoli T, et al. National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management. Infect Dis Rep. 2020 Mar 16; 12(1): 8543. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8543

Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Sevestre J, et al. Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study. Travel Med Infect Dis. Mar- Apr 2020; 34:101663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663

Rathi S, Ish P, Kalantri A, Kalantri S. Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 contacts in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct; 20(10): 1118-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30313-3

Principi N, Esposito S. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct; 20(10):1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30296-6

Revised advisory on the use of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection (in supersession of previous advisory dated 23 rd March, 2020). Ind Coun Med Res. 2020.

Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020 May; 92(5):479-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707

Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases. Lancet infect Dis. 2003 Nov; 3(11):722-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00806-5

Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, et al. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol J. 2005 Aug 22; 2:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-2-69

Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H, et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discov. 2020 Mar 18; 6(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020 Mar; 30(3):269-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0

Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P,et al. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):732-739. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa237

Ball P, Maxmen A. The epic battle against coronavirus misinformation and conspiracy theories. Nature. 2020 May; 581(7809):371-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01452-z

World Health Assembly. Voluntary contributions by fund and by contributor, 2018. World Health Organization. ‎2019;72.[Accessed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/329246

GAVI - Wikipedia [Internet]. [Cited 2020 Jun 21]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI

Gavi welcomes election of new WHO Chief. Gavi. Geneva; 2017. [Accessed 2021Sep 06]. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/gavi-welcomes-election-of-new-who-chief

How Vaccines Work. PublicHealth. [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://www.publichealth.org/public-awareness/understanding-vaccines/vaccines-work/

Enjuanes L, Dediego ML, Álvarez E, Deming D, Sheahan T, Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res. 2008 Apr; 133(1):45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021

Roper RL, Rehm KE. SARS vaccines: where are we? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009 Jul; 8(7):887-98. https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.43

Mogensen SW, Andersen A, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Aaby P. The introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral polio vaccine among young infants in an urban African community: a natural experiment. EBioMedicine. 2017 Mar; 17:192-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.041

Ritchie H, Mathieu E, Rodés-Guirao L, Appel C, Giattino C, Ortiz-Ospina E, et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) - Statistics and Research. Our World in Data [Internet]. [Accessed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

BBC World News. HARD talk, Anders Tegnell - Sweden’s chief epidemiologist, ‘Testing will give us better idea of immunity’ [Internet]. 2020 May. [Accessed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08d8y05

Ledford H. Chloroquine hype is derailing the search for coronavirus treatments. Nature. 2020 Apr; 580(7805):573. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01165-3

Ball P. Anti-vaccine movement could undermine efforts to end coronavirus pandemic, researchers warn. Nature. 2020 May; 581(7808):251. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01423-4

García PJ. Corruption in global health: the open secret. Lancet. 2019 Dec 7; 394(10214):2119-2124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32527-9

Tegnell A .Still not a fan of lockdowns: Sweden’s state epidemiologist says media manufactured his alleged U-turn on Covid-19 measures. RT. 2020. [Accesssed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://www.rt.com/news/491155-tegnell-lockdown-sweden-coronavirus-defends/

Tegnell A .Still not a fan of lockdowns: Sweden’s state epidemiologist says media manufactured his alleged U-turn on Covid-19 measures. RT. 2020. [Accesssed 2021 Sep 06]. Available from: https://www.rt.com/news/491155-tegnell-lockdown-sweden-coronavirus-defends/

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2020 Alberto Boretti

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...